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| -rw-r--r-- | md/notes/syscalls.md | 3 | ||||
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| -rw-r--r-- | md/writeup/dsp_lp_filter.md | 270 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | md/writeup/using_iptables.md | 10 |
15 files changed, 288 insertions, 5 deletions
diff --git a/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/octave_freqz.png b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/octave_freqz.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e99293b --- /dev/null +++ b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/octave_freqz.png diff --git a/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/octave_freqz_prev.png b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/octave_freqz_prev.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..feb5c70 --- /dev/null +++ b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/octave_freqz_prev.png diff --git a/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_post.png b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_post.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..72f967d --- /dev/null +++ b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_post.png diff --git a/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_post_fft.png b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_post_fft.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2644c76 --- /dev/null +++ b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_post_fft.png diff --git a/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_post_fft_prev.png b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_post_fft_prev.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..33b0465 --- /dev/null +++ b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_post_fft_prev.png diff --git a/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_post_prev.png b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_post_prev.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7941342 --- /dev/null +++ b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_post_prev.png diff --git a/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_pre.png b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_pre.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..90a34a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_pre.png diff --git a/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_pre_fft.png b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_pre_fft.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d522b22 --- /dev/null +++ b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_pre_fft.png diff --git a/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_pre_fft_prev.png b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_pre_fft_prev.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..13a327a --- /dev/null +++ b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_pre_fft_prev.png diff --git a/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_pre_prev.png b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_pre_prev.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bab7fcd --- /dev/null +++ b/md/img/dsp_lp_filter/signal_pre_prev.png diff --git a/md/notes/syscalls.md b/md/notes/syscalls.md index 4c13b36..41575a7 100644 --- a/md/notes/syscalls.md +++ b/md/notes/syscalls.md @@ -356,4 +356,5 @@ line that should be syscall source code lines 2. [http://docs.cs.up.ac.za](http://docs.cs.up.ac.za/programming/asm/derick_tut/syscalls.html) 3. [http://syscalls.kernelgrok.com](http://syscalls.kernelgrok.com/) 4. [http://man7.org](http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/syscalls.2.html) -5. [https://filippo.io](https://filippo.io/linux-syscall-table/)
\ No newline at end of file +5. [https://filippo.io](https://filippo.io/linux-syscall-table/) +6. [https://fedora.juszkiewicz.com.pl/syscalls.html](https://fedora.juszkiewicz.com.pl/syscalls.html)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/md/styles/main.css b/md/styles/main.css index db67eb6..bd6716a 100644 --- a/md/styles/main.css +++ b/md/styles/main.css @@ -43,4 +43,11 @@ table tr:nth-child(odd) table tr:nth-child(even) { -}
\ No newline at end of file +} + +p a img +{ + margin: auto; + width: 80%; + display: block; +} diff --git a/md/writeup.md b/md/writeup.md index d6d83f6..3bddfc9 100644 --- a/md/writeup.md +++ b/md/writeup.md @@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ title: Writeup page [Kernel:Hello World](writeup/kernel_hello_world.md) [Kernel:Debug messages](writeup/kernel_debug_messages.md) [Kernel:/dev/hwrng](writeup/kernel_dev_hwrng.md) +[DSP:Low-pass filter](writeup/dsp_lp_filter.md) ## Projects diff --git a/md/writeup/dsp_lp_filter.md b/md/writeup/dsp_lp_filter.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..13260c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/md/writeup/dsp_lp_filter.md @@ -0,0 +1,270 @@ +title: DSP Low-pass FIR filter + +# Low FIR pass-filer + +## Intro + +Some fast intro to low pass filters. Let's say this is notes is just to get into low pass filters without detailed explanations. Just play with tools like Octave and get sense of how it works. Well here is used Inglish so your eyes gona bleed. + +So what is low-pass filter? In DSP its algo that can filter some array of values or data and reduce amount of high frequency fluctuations. For example if you recording movements of your hand and your hand is shaking(shaking very fast), low pass filter can "remove" that from your recorded data. + +If you have recording sound were you noticed that flying mosquito is recorded then with is you can reduce noise from mosquito in recorded sound. + +If you just use filtr as a function then main params is how good are your filter and cutoff frequency. Good filter have higher number of filter coefficients with are determined from filter order. Cutoff frequency is set to normalised valueshtml from 0.0 ... 1.0. Set them according which part should be filtered. + +## Octave examples + +### Draw first filter characteristics + +``` +fir1([filter order],[cutoff freq]) +``` + +Draw in Octave simple 40th order filter, as in Octave example + +``` +freqz (fir1 (40, 0.3)); +``` + + + + +Play with first param of fir1 and you will see how it affects characteristics of filter. Try filter increase filter order from 1,2,3,4 and then go to higher numbers like 100. + +You will see 2 pictures. First picture show frequency response of filter. + +Good low-pass digital filter should have right side lower than left side of picture. And transition from left to right should be sharp as possible. We can see visually if this requirements are met. If filter order is increased more sharp transition becomes. + +Second picture showing phase response. Well for now it's not so "important". + +### Create signal and filter it + +Let's create some signal from couple of frequencies, like +100,400,750,1000,1200,1500 then let's do FFT to see what we have. + + + + + +__Programm__ +``` +Fs = 2000; +t = 0:1/Fs:1-1/Fs; + +x = cos(2*pi*100*t) + cos(2*pi*400*t) + cos(2*pi*750*t) \ + + cos(2*pi*1000*t) + cos(2*pi*1200*t) + cos(2*pi*1500*t); + +N = length(x); +xdft = fft(x); +xdft = xdft(1:N/2+1); +psdx = (1/(Fs*N)) * abs(xdft).^2; +psdx(2:end-1) = 2*psdx(2:end-1); +freq = 0:Fs/length(x):Fs/2; + +figure(1) +plot(freq,10*log10(psdx)) +grid on +title('Periodogram Using FFT') +xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') +ylabel('Power/Frequency (dB/Hz)') +``` + +Lets filter out with cutoff frequency 1000kHz. Should get rid of +1000,1200,1500 frequencies in resulting FFT. + + + + + +``` +%filter +%sampling frequency +Fs = length(x); +Fnyq = Fs/2; +fc = 1000; +fdev = 20; +%[b,a]=butter(8, [900/Fs,1100/Fs]); +hc = fir1(41,fc/Fs); +f_filt = filter( hc, 1, x ); + +N = length(f_filt); +xdft = fft(f_filt); +xdft = xdft(1:N/2+1); +psdx = (1/(Fs*N)) * abs(xdft).^2; +psdx(2:end-1) = 2*psdx(2:end-1); +freq = 0:Fs/length(x):Fs/2; + +figure(2); +plot( freq,10*log10(psdx) ); +title("filtered fft"); + +figure(3); +freqz(fir1(41,0.5)); +``` + +## Calculate coefficients + +## Code example + +Octave allows to see what filter properties is, also can choose appropriate filter type. Find how precise filter should be. And also test data on some signal sample. Now lets implement that with C. + +__Define FIR filter coeficients__ +```c +#define FIR_SIZE 12 + +double fir_coef[FIR_SIZE] = +{ + -0.0044384, -0.0041841, 0.0130183, 0.0746628, + 0.1720210, 0.2489204, 0.2489204, 0.1720210, + 0.0746628, 0.0130183, -0.0041841, -0.0044384 +}; +``` + +__FIR Filter__ + +Applying filter coefficients to input signal, place where filtering is happening. + +<!-- begin MathToWeb --> +<!-- (your LaTeX) $y(n)=\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}{h(k)x(n-k)}$ --> +<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> +<mrow> + <mi>y</mi> + <mrow> + <mo form="prefix">(</mo> + <mi>n</mi> + <mo form="postfix">)</mo> + </mrow> + <mo>=</mo> + <mstyle displaystyle="true"> + <munderover> + <mo>∑</mo> + <mrow> + <mi>k</mi> + <mo>=</mo> + <mn>0</mn> + </mrow> + <mrow> + <mi>N</mi> + <mo>-</mo> + <mn>1</mn> + </mrow> + </munderover> + </mstyle> + <mrow> + <mi>h</mi> + <mrow> + <mo form="prefix">(</mo> + <mi>k</mi> + <mo form="postfix">)</mo> + </mrow> + <mi>x</mi> + <mrow> + <mo form="prefix">(</mo> + <mi>n</mi> + <mo>-</mo> + <mi>k</mi> + <mo form="postfix">)</mo> + </mrow> + </mrow> +</mrow> +</math> +<!-- end MathToWeb --> + +```c +for (k=0;k<filter_length;k++) +{ + acc += (*coeffp++)*(*inputp--); +} +``` + +### Full programm + +```c +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <string.h> + +#define FIR_SIZE 12 + +double fir_coef[FIR_SIZE] = +{ + -0.0044384, -0.0041841, 0.0130183, 0.0746628, + 0.1720210, 0.2489204, 0.2489204, 0.1720210, + 0.0746628, 0.0130183, -0.0041841, -0.0044384 +}; + +#define MAX_INPUT_LEN 80 +#define BUFFER_LEN (FIR_SIZE-1+MAX_INPUT_LEN) +double insamp[BUFFER_LEN]; + +int fir1filter(double *coeffs, double *input, double *output, + int length, int filter_length) +{ + double acc; + double *coeffp; + double *inputp; + int n; + int k; + + memcpy(&insamp[filter_length-1], input, length*sizeof(double)); + + for (n=0; n<length; n++) + { + coeffp = coeffs; + inputp = &insamp[filter_length - 1 + n]; + acc = 0; + + for (k=0;k<filter_length;k++) + { + acc += (*coeffp++)*(*inputp--); + } + + output[n] = acc; + } + + memmove(&insamp[0], &insamp[length], (filter_length-1)*sizeof(double)); +} + +int main(int argc, char **argv) +{ + int i,j; + double input[MAX_INPUT_LEN]; + double output[MAX_INPUT_LEN]; + int argc_len; + + argc_len = argc - 1; + for (i=1;i<argc%(MAX_INPUT_LEN+1);i++) + { + input[i-1]=atof(argv[i]); + } + + fir1filter(fir_coef, input, output, argc_len, FIR_SIZE); + + for (i=0; i<argc_len; i++) + { + printf("%f ", output[i]); + } + printf("\n"); + + return 0; +} +``` + +## Using programm + +``` +./lpf1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 +-0.004438 -0.004184 0.013018 0.074663 0.172021 +``` + +## Links + +1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filter +2. http://www.tedpavlic.com/teaching/osu/ece209/lab3_opamp_FO/lab3_opamp_FO_phase_shift.pdf +3. https://octave.sourceforge.io/signal/function/fir1.html +4. https://tty1.net/blog/2009/filters-with-gnu-octave_en.html8 +5. https://www.dsprelated.com/freebooks/sasp/Lowpass_Filter_Design_Specifications.html +6. https://gist.github.com/akiatoji/5649907 +7. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/design-of-fir-filters-design-octave-matlab/ +8. https://sestevenson.wordpress.com/implementation-of-fir-filtering-in-c-part-1/ +9. http://www.labbookpages.co.uk/audio/firWindowing.html diff --git a/md/writeup/using_iptables.md b/md/writeup/using_iptables.md index 3893b08..9f92993 100644 --- a/md/writeup/using_iptables.md +++ b/md/writeup/using_iptables.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ title:Using iptables -keywords:linux,iptables,networking,icmp,ping +keywords:linux,iptables,networking,icmp,ping,block,forward,tcp,udp,netfilter # Iptables ## Intro @@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ Lets block just incoming ip iptables -A INPUT -s 8.8.8.8 -j DROP ``` -#### Blov by port +#### Block by port Block ip to access specific port @@ -342,4 +342,8 @@ the system admins could be not happy with this jokes ;]. 15. http://www.iptables.info/en/connection-state.html 16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol#Protocol_operation 17. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc675 -18. https://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/packet-filtering-HOWTO-7.html
\ No newline at end of file +18. https://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/packet-filtering-HOWTO-7.html + +https://www.honeynet.org/node/691 +http://wiki.lvl1.org/Iptables +https://mkirby.org/mkblog/?p=47
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