=head1 AnoNet2 - Anonymity & Pseudonymity

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=head2 Introduction

This page is intended to explain a bit of the theory behind anonymity
and pseudonymity.  If your goal in joining AnoNet is to protect your
anonymity, this page may help you avoid some "leaks."

=head2 Definition

Anonymity translates literally into "having no name," and means having
no useful identification "marks" ("useful" being defined as "usable
for future find operations").  While it's technically possible to be
truly anonymous on AnoNet, true anonymity is not really necessary (nor
desirable) in order to achieve the goals that most guys here expect.
Pseudonymity ("having no real name") is what most of us are here to
achieve.  (Most of us don't care if you can find us again on AnoNet
(and in fact, we normally _want_ you to).  We only care if you can find
us _outside_ AnoNet.)  However, the theory behind both is quite similar,
since the potential attacks against both are quite similar.  Therefore,
this page primarily concerns itself with true anonymity on the assumption
that a certain amount of correlation between your actions is already
feasible for an attacker.

=head2 Introduction to Triangulation

The fundamental method that people use for identification is
triangulation, where we look at something from a bunch of different angles
and then narrow down our guesses to items that match that combination
of observations.  For example, a duck is something that looks like
a duck, quacks like a duck, etc.  It should go without saying, then,
that our goal here is to avoid others being able to apply triangulation
"against" us.  That is, our goal is to prevent triangulation "attacks."

=head2 Simple Triangulation

If you see someone on a chatroom around 1800 GMT, and he tells you that
his mother just bought him some colourful pants when he got back from
school, it'd be a pretty safe bet to say that he probably:

=over

=item 1

is a kid (his mother buys him simple clothing items, after school)

=item 2

in England (colourful == British spelling; pants == underpants)

=item 3

who is actually a she (boys with colorful pants?)

=back

Now, obviously, if you found more details concerning the makeup of his
class, you may be able to narrow down the possibilities for his schools.
Combine that with his IP address, and you can focus on your candidates
within range of his geographical location.  Perhaps he (she) talks about
his older brother walking him (her) to school in the morning, before
going to his own school.  Well, in that case, you can be reasonably sure
that his older brother graduated from the same school "back in the day."
Given the fact that England's birth rate is relatively low, you can
therefore speculate that this bit of information is likely to narrow
down the possibilities (especially if he tells you how much older his
brother is).  Another reasonably safe guess is that he's probably located
in a rather urban area.  Now, you can add a bit of active triangulation
to the mix, by telling his ISP that his IP address has been sharing
your intellectual property.  If the owners of that IP address really
do have a girl in primary school and your intellectual property sounds
like something oriented towards kids, the parents' first defense is
likely to be that they don't fileshare, so it was probably their kid (or
maybe some guy who drove by with wifi, who happens to like kid stuff).
(Obviously, if you're a civilian, your country is likely to have laws
against you committing fraud like that, but intelligence agencies
routinely do this type of thing, so it's worthwhile understanding some
of the options physically available to an attacker, even if they're not
"legally" available to him.  You certainly don't want your anonymity
dependent on an adversary "playing by the rules," do you?)

=head2 A Bit More Formality

A very powerful science for dealing with these types of problems is
Mathematics, so we gain an advantage if we can translate our problems into
Mathematics (and our solutions out of it, of course).  Our Mathematical
model for triangulation is similar to that of geolocating a cellular phone
that dials for emergency assistance.  Initially, we can only say that
the cellular phone is likely to be someplace on (or near) planet Earth.
Since we know that the cellular signal deteriorates over distance and we
know (based on the phone's specifications) the original signal strength at
source, each tower can guage its distance from the phone by translating
backwards from its observed signal strength to meters.  Most towers
are well out-of-range, and won't observe any measurable signal at all
(meaning an effectively infinite distance), while the nearby towers will
observe measurable signals.  Now, each tower has a circle around it made
up of all the points at a particular distance from it.  (Actually, it's a
three-dimensional sphere, but in our case, we're assuming the phone isn't
in flight or underground, for a bit of simplification.  Real systems will
add an additional tower in order to triangulate in all three dimensions.)
Two intersecting circles will normally intersect (touch or cross over each
other) at two points.  Three intersecting circles will rarely intersect
at more than a single point.  Therefore, as long as the towers can safely
assume that the phone is broadcasting a uniform signal in all directions,
they can safely claim to have triangulated his position.

Now, let's see if we can apply triangulation to our own problem space.
We know that there are approximately 6 billion people on our planet,
so we're starting out with a population of 6 billion candidates.
(Obviously, we're assuming that aliens don't have anything interesting to
do on our ICANN-dominated Internet, and so for all intents and purposes
don't count.)  Now, there are many "dimensions" in which these people
are organized.  (A dimension is simply a metric where each individual
has a potentially measurable coordinate.)  For example, everybody has
a gender.  Everybody lives in some country.  Everybody has some level
of computer expertise, some level of Mathematical education, some set
of familiar authors, some set of favourite bands, some color skin and
some length hair, etc.  Now, as you're able to intersect coordinates in
different dimensions, you can start eliminating unlikely candidates and
focusing on the likely ones.  For example, the number of males is quite
high (on the order of 3 billion or so), the number of people in Portugal
is quite high, the number of 15-year-olds is quite high, the number of
stay-at-home parents is quite high, the number of people who are still
married to their first wife is quite high, and the number of parents with
two kids is quite high, but the number of Portuguese males around age 15
who stay at home to care for their two kids while their first wife is out
working is very low (probably well under 1000 - low enough for you to be
able to go door-to-door looking for him, if you'd recognize him by face).
Clearly, by triangulating coordinates between a variety of dimensions,
we're able to take the intersection of a variety of sets, which is quite
small when the sets have little in common (which is normally true when
there's no causal relationship between the sets in question).

Therefore, if you're that guy and you don't want others to find you,
you probably shouldn't give away too many facts about yourself.

=head2 Countermeasures

Remember when we talked about the cellular phone geolocation problem,
where we noted that the towers need to assume the phone is broadcasting
the same value (in this case, the same starting signal strength) in
all directions?  Obviously, a phone without an omnidirectional antenna
could point a different directional antenna at each nearby (or even far
away) tower, and transmit a highly focused signal at an arbitrary power
level to each tower, and thereby confuse the towers.  Alternatively, it
could even work backwards through the triangulation algorithm in order
to figure out a set of inputs that would cause the towers to geolocate
the phone "accurately" as being kilometers away from its true location.
It should come as no surprise, then, that similar techniques work in
our own problem space.  For example, how do you know that the guy is
really male?  Given the other dimensions, wouldn't you say he's more
likely to be a female?

=head2 Verification

Going back to our cellular phone geolocation problem, we left off
with our phone fooling the towers into thinking it's someplace else.
However, we didn't take into account that the towers themselves may
have directional antennas scanning around on a regular basis in order
to detect precisely this type of fraud.  If the phone is supposed to be
southwest of one of our towers, why is its signal coming in from the east?
Not surprisingly, certain verification techniques may be applicable in
our own problem space.  For example, suppose you somehow got a list of
all candidates, and then combed all of Portugal door-to-door looking
for the guy, and didn't find him?  What if he told you that he was a
licensed pilot, but you couldn't find any pilot matching his description?
The goal of a verification algorithm is to assess the probability of
our data sources being correct.  The goal of a verification algorithm
is to tell us how likely it is that we've been fooled, not to find the
right answer.  (Obviously, a verification algorithm may itself reveal
additional information that we can then triangulate with.  For example,
the towers employing directional antennas can geolocate our phone with
the directional antennas (using the law of intersecting lines), without
even relying on the omnidirectional antennas.  Therefore, the verification
algorithm in this particular case not only verifies the likelyhood of the
triangulation, but actually provides its own alternative triangulation
dataset.)

=head2 AnoNet

On AnoNet, the single most important factor in securing your anonymity is
precluding verification.  If an adversary can't verify his data about you,
then he's trivially vulnerable to countermeasures, making it difficult for
him to trust the results of his triangulation (and making it difficult,
therefore, for him to even justify the cost of triangulating in the
first place).

For example, you probably don't want to recycle a nickname you
use elsewhere, since a simple Google search may give adversaries
a verification tool to use against anything they learn about you on
AnoNet.  You also want to make sure that the public IP address you use
for peering doesn't geolocate your exact location (try MaxMind's online
tool, for example).  A good way of getting around this one is to get a
VPS (Virtual Private Server) before peering with too many other guys.
There are plenty of cheap ones (well under 10EUR or 10USD each month),
and you can easily get a VPS in a different country.  An even better
way of getting around this is to peer over i2p, if you don't mind
installing Java on your routers.  If you're lucky, your ISP may
SNAT outgoing traffic from its users, giving you a certain amount of
"built-in" protection.  If you're not comfortable giving a peer your IP
address and none of the above is an option, you may consider peering
using TCP over tor or something.  In addition, it's also possible to
exchange data using DNS, so if each of you has access to a DNS server
and some method to automatically load TXT records into it, you can
tunnel a VPN over it without either of you giving away his IP address.
(This particular method can also get around restrictive firewalls, which
may be independently useful.)  Other things you probably don't want
to advertise are your name (especially not your full name), location,
age, marital status, occupation, school, and hobbies.  Under normal
circumstances, it's safest to assume that anything you tell anybody
on AnoNet may be used by anybody else on AnoNet for triangulation or
verification attacks, and so the only reliable method of preventing
these types of attacks is to avoid leaking any verifiable information
to anyone on AnoNet.  When that's not feasible, try to avoid giving
multiple pieces of information to individuals.  For example, if you're
coming in with UFO's CP, it's probably unwise to use his IRC server.
(It's also smart not to come onto IRC as soon as you connect, since
then UFO can guess that the guy who just joined IRC is probably the
same guy who just connected to his CP.  To protect your anonymity from
the organizers of a darknet, it's imperative that you peer with someone
(preferably not an organizer) ASAP after joining.  The more often you
come in through the CP, the higher the probability that an organizer
will find you.  If you've come in over the CP more than a few times
before getting peered, you'll probably want to at least change your IRC
nickname before rejoining IRC after peering, so the darknet organizers
at least can't trivially connect your IcannNet IP address with your
AnoNet nickname.  If a darknet's organizers try to put you through a
"hazing" period before they'll allow anybody to peer with you, that's
a strong indication that they don't care much for I<your> anonymity.
They may tell you that "nobody here trusts you enough yet to give you his
IP address," but that's (at best) just a thinly veiled way of saying that
"nobody here cares enough about your anonymity to have bothered to get
himself a VPS for peering."  By making it difficult for new users to join,
they're effectively dooming their darknet into forever being a small and
incestuous club, a fraternity if you will, where everybody gradually gets
to know everybody else quite well (since static analysis works quite well
against rigid structures).  An anonymity-preserving darknet makes it easy
for users to enter and exit at will, with the organizers keeping minimal
(or no) tabs, in order to resist static analysis.)

=head2 AnoNet2 vs. The Competition

AnoNet2 aims to provide the best anonymity feasible with TCP/IP, through
a variety of techniques:

=over

=item minimizing required direct information disclosure

Most TCP/IP-based darknets require new users to submit a fair amount of
information up-front.  Non-anonymizing darknets like dn42, for example,
expect users to sign up for a wiki account to register resources, to join
a mailing list for operational discussions, etc.  (dn42, incidentally,
deserves special mention, as the resource database has recently been
migrated over to a decentralized resdb-like registry.  In addition,
there's now an NNTP gateway to the mailing list reachable from inside
dn42, making it feasible to avoid giving away much information.)
So-called "anonymizing" darknets, by comparison, tend to turn these types
of expectations into policy requirements.  A case in point is AnoNet1,
where new users are expected to go through a "hazing" process for 2-4
weeks before anybody is supposed to peer with them.  During the "hazing"
process, the new user is expected to answer questions like "what brings
you here?" from an informal panel of existing members, and is expected
to "participate in the discussion" for a couple of weeks to prove that
he's serious about joining AnoNet1.  (The official excuses range from
avoiding "drive-by peerings" to preventing infiltration by law enforcement
officials.  The former commands a high price relative to the nuisance
factor of a temporary peering, while the latter is just plain laughable.)
AnoNet1 also requires members to maintain their resource registrations
on a centralized wiki, making certain information available to crzydmnd.
There is only one official client port (run by Kaos), and users are
discouraged from setting up additional ones.  AnoNet2 gets this part
right by making it very easy for new users to join, and to peer as early
as technically possible.

=item avoiding centralization of critical infrastructure

Most TCP/IP-based darknets have a fair amount of centralized
infrastructure.  Centralized infrastructure is problematic, since it
creates a single point of control (or evesdropping), making it easy for
the operator to learn information that's not intended for him, and/or
alter transmissions that aren't intended for him.  Typical examples are
things like resource databases, chatrooms, DNS, routing infrastructure,
documentation stores, forums, mailing lists, and public Web pages.
AnoNet1 is a model of centralized infrastructure, with centralized
mechanisms in-place for pretty much all of the above minus routing
(and even routing is quite centralized on AnoNet1, due to their peering
policies).  Even dn42 (whose primary claim to fame is decentralization)
retains centralized mechanisms for IRC, wiki, mailing list, and public
Web pages.  AnoNet2 has only a single point of centralization, in the
public Web pages here, and even they are easy for anybody on AnoNet2 to
modify (although there's still a centralized point of control over what
ends up getting published here and what doesn't, a point which has never
been used so far (a fact that's very easy to prove in a decentralized
way), and which will hopefully never be used).  In addition, users are
encouraged to set up their own public Web pages and to put links to them
here, in order to further reduce centralization of AnoNet2's Web presence.
In addition to protecting your anonymity, this level of decentralization
makes it far more likely for AnoNet2 to survive a splitbrain condition
(where some bad guys take a number of central users out of the picture,
leaving a few disconnected fragments with critical services missing),
something that an anonymity-preserving darknet always has to plan for.
If AnoNet1 were to become split, the "non-central" side would most
likely wither away and die (a statistical fact that AnoNet1 used to
try and destroy AnoNet2 before it ever got off the ground), whereas if
AnoNet2 splits, the individual fragments should have no problem carrying
on indefinitely as independent darknets, and little difficulty merging
back together again if their paths cross at some point in the future.
What git and monotone do for software development, AnoNet2 does for
darknet development.

=item not requiring resource registration

AnoNet1 had a very powerful idea, of allowing people to mark a resource
"reserved" without specifying who has reserved it, but like most good
ideas in AnoNet1, this one also turned out incompatible with what
AnoNet1 has become.  AnoNet2 takes this idea one step further: not only
can you easily leave out the "owner" field in a resource registration,
but you can even leave out the registration completely, and let someone
who happens to notice the resource in use (presumably, someone who's
scanning to make sure a resource is available before using it himself)
add it himself as "apparently in use."

=item not requiring resource exclusivity

In fact, AnoNet2 takes it a step further, by having no conflict resolution
policy for resources.  This means two users can use the same IP address,
for example, and leave it up to routing to decide who "wins."  (Under
normal circumstances that's not likely to happen, since at least one of
the users will almost certainly prefer to renumber rather than fighting
it out with the other guy.  If they both want to fight it out, though,
there's no AnoNet2 rule that either of them is violating by refusing
to "talk it out," even if it's trivial to prove which guy's claim came
first.)  This is intended to be useful during darknet merges, but it can
also aid in anonymity protection for cooperating users who agree among
themselves on some algorithm to determine who gets the resource when,
or perhaps they use the split routing to their advantage, SNATting (or
proxying) through each other for locations they can't reach directly
(or even for locations they I<can> reach directly, if they really
want to confuse an attacker - and themselves, if they're not careful).
The same thing goes for ASNs, domains, nicknames, etc.  Static analysis
against any of these resource types is not guaranteed to yield useful
information (i.e., excessive triangulation may yield strange results),
and with only a little bit of coordination, a group of users can achieve
true anonymity, if that's really what they want.

=item avoiding bandwidth requirements for peering

Not everybody can afford a VPS, but everybody should be able to enjoy his
anonymity, not just as a leaf, but also as a transit.  Conversely, many
users will want more path diversity, even if it means using slower links.
Therefore, AnoNet2 defines no rules about minimum bandwidth for peering.
Individual users can obviously do whatever they want, but there's no
official policy for them to use as an excuse.  There's nothing wrong
with a transit node being on dial-up.  If you prefer speed over path
diversity, just tell your router to avoid any path going through that ASN.
By the same token, if you have both VPSes and dial-up links and you want
to make it easy for people to implement different policies for routes
passing through each of them, it's probably wise to use different ASNs.

=item avoiding I<all> censorship

AnoNet1 officially sanctions some censorship, and unofficially practices
much more.  The problem is that once you start complexifying the
definition of censorship, where do you draw the line?  AnoNet2 has a very
simple definition of censorship: interfering with communications of which
you are not the (I<the>, not I<an>) intended recipient.  AnoNet2 doesn't
impose anybody's morals (nor anybody's legal system) on you, so feel
free to communicate anything you want.  If we don't like what you say,
we can always just ignore you.

=item avoiding arbitrary restrictions on freedom

Working around restrictions wastes resources, so those who are determined
to achieve their goals will still achieve them, while the rest of us
suffer the consequences of a legal framework.  To avoid wasting your
resources working around AnoNet2 rules, AnoNet2 simply avoids defining
any rules.  Anything goes.  If you manage to annoy enough people (and
you'll probably have to put in a serious effort, if you really want to
annoy enough of us), you'll most likely wind up forking AnoNet2, which
is probably what you'd want in that case, anyway.

=back